Decisions table

Every strata tribunal matter we hold, across the states, filterable like a database. New South Wales matters are read into structured fields, the parties and their roles, who presided, how it ended, and the money in play. Matters in the other states are catalogued from the tribunal register with their citation, scheme, and source, ahead of the same structured read.

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1,439 matters of which 509 read into structured fields

38% Applicant succeeded of 369 decided
62% Respondent succeeded of decided matters
$47,272,525 Ordered in total across 74 with an amount
$10,628,123 Largest single award in this set

Outcome and money figures are computed over the 509 structured-extract matters in this set, all in New South Wales, the only state read into outcome and amount so far. Matters catalogued from the other registers are not folded into these figures.

Structured strata decisions matching the current filters
DecisionPartiesMemberDisputeOutcomeAmountYear
The Owners - Strata Plan No 51033 v Kumar and Srivastava [2015] NSWCATCD 137
SP 51033 Ryde catalogued matter
Other NSWCATCD

Res judicata

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
Olive Grove Investment Holdings Pty Ltd v The Owners-Strata Plan No 5942 [2015] NSWCATCD 120
SP 5942 Randwick catalogued matter
By-laws NSWCATCD

Exclusive use By-law

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
Isabella DIT Pty Ltd v The Owners – Strata Plan No 80988 [2015] NSWCATAP 210
SP 80988 Newcastle catalogued matter
Unit entitlements NSWCATAP

Reallocation of unit entitlements Ascertaining the respective values of the lots Whether allocation of unit entitlements was unreasonable Section 183 Strata Schemes Management Act (1996) NSW

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
Owners Corp – SP 14846 v Wesfarmers General Insurance Ltd t/as Lumley General [2015] NSWCATAP 204
SP 14846 Lane Cove catalogued matter
Building defects NSWCATAP

Appeal – home warranty insurance – original defective work uninsured – rectification work by builder at no cost to owner also defective - whether insurance subsequently obtained covered or excluded loss – construction of insurance policy – jurisdiction of Tribunal to deal with alleged insurance settlement.

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
Bischoff v Sahade & Owners Corporation SP 62022 [2015] NSWCATAP 196
SP 62022 Woollahra catalogued matter
Costs and procedure NSWCATAP

Costs – special circumstances

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
Owners Corporation SP 78422 v Ware Building Pty Ltd [2015] NSWSC 1384
SP 78422 Port Macquarie-Hastings catalogued matter
Building defects NSWSC

PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE – dispute between owners corporation and builder – where defendant builder seeks to commence separate proceedings against the developer to rectify the contract pursuant to which the building was constructed – related application to amend list response in present proceedings to incorporate that defence – where it has been open to the defendant to agitate the question of rectification for three years – where substantial effort and expense has gone into the preparation of the

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
Luong v Owners Corporation SP 87671 and Telmet Ventures Pty Ltd [2015] NSWCATCD 105
SP 87671 Strathfield catalogued matter
Management and meetings NSWCATCD

Strata managing agent

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
APX Projects Pty Limited v The Owners – Strata Plan No. 64025 [2015] NSWSC 1250
SP 64025 City Of Parramatta catalogued matter
Levies and contributions NSWSC

STRATA TITLE – application by lot owner to bring derivative action at general law on behalf of owners corporation – exceptions to rule in Foss v Harbottle – whether owners corporation acted ultra vires in making payment of legal fees from sinking fund – whether in the interests of justice that the plaintiff bring a derivative action – whether payment by lot owner to owners corporation appropriated to debt in respect of sinking fund levies – principles of appropriations of debts.

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
Croyden & Anderson v The Owners – Strata Plan No 1583 [2015] NSWCATCD 104
SP 1583 Mosman catalogued matter
Repairs and common property NSWCATCD

Repeal of a by-law conferring exclusive rights or privileges over common property

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
Owners Corporation SP 68751 v Community Association DP 270281 [2015] NSWCATCD 99
SP 68751 Byron catalogued matter
By-laws NSWCATCD

Community Management Statement; By-law; Whether by-law invalid; whether by-law not in the interests of the Community Association or lot owners

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
Owners Corporation SP 69470 v Sydney Water Corporation [2015] NSWCATAP 177
SP 69470 Northern Beaches catalogued matter
Other NSWCATAP

Consumer Claim – Negligence alleged – no duty of care

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
Gelle v Owners Corporation Strata Plan 55966 and Strata Plan 85816 [2015] NSWCATCD 100
SP 55966 City Of Parramatta catalogued matter
Levies and contributions NSWCATCD

Orders to pursue an insurance claim; losses of a lot owner; disciplinary action against a strata manager rebuttal of special levies; amendment of owners ledger; supply of information about loan to owners corporation by strata manager; compensation to lot owner; pursuit of insurance claim; rescission of levies; inspection of records; right to bring application when lot owner in arrears of contributions levied and payable

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
The Owners – Strata Plan 80647 v WFI Insurance Limited t/as Lumley Insurance [2015] NSWSC 1161
SP 80647 City Of Parramatta catalogued matter
Other NSWSC

BANKRUPTCY – provable debts – contract between builder and developer contains warranties implied by Home Building Act 1989 (NSW) – builder becomes bankrupt – claimant owners corporation a successor in title to developer – claim by owners corporation against builder for damages for loss suffered by reason of breach of statutory warranties – whether a debt or liability provable in the bankruptcy – whether a debt or liability released upon discharge from bankruptcy – whether claim a demand arising

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
The Owners-Strata Plan No.79707 v Trilogy Capital Services Pty Ltd [2015] NSWCATAP 171
SP 79707 North Sydney catalogued matter
Repairs and common property NSWCATAP

Meaning of “developer” for Home Building Act 1989 – extension of statutory warranties – immediate successor in title – vesting of common property on registration of strata plan – successor in title to person entitled to benefit of statutory warranty

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
Eliezer v The Owners of Strata Plan No 51682 [2015] NSWSC 1172
SP 51682 Ryde catalogued matter
Costs and procedure NSWSC

PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE – longstanding dispute regarding block of flats – proceedings on foot in Local Court and Supreme Court – whether Local Court proceedings should be stayed until Supreme Court proceedings are resolved – defendant not opposed to stay COSTS – ex parte application – no notice given to defendant – application unnecessary because of consent of defendant to orders sought – whether the plaintiff should pay the costs of the hearing

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
The Owners – Strata Plan No 74602 v Brookfield Australia Investments Ltd [2015] NSWSC 1144
SP 74602 North Sydney catalogued matter
Other NSWSC

EVIDENCE – admissibility – discretion to exclude or limit the use of evidence – whether lay observational evidence adduced by plaintiff after cut-off date of “guillotine order” is evidence-in-chief or in reply – if in chief, whether leave should be given to adduce that evidence – whether defendants would be prejudiced if that evidence is admitted – whether use of evidence should be limited to exclude evidence of April 2015 storm event

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
The Owners Strata Plan No 76502 v Waterpoint Shepherds Bay Pty Limited [2015] NSWSC 1129
SP 76502 Ryde catalogued matter
Other NSWSC

CONTRACT – offer to settle litigation – time – where defendant made a ‘walk away’ offer, open for 28 days – where that offer accepted on 28th day – whether relevant that time of acceptance was later than time of offer – common law position on taking fractions of days into account CONTRACT – offer to settle litigation – counter-offers – where,

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
Gazebo Penthouse Pty Limited v Owners Corporation SP 73943 [2015] NSWCATCD 93
SP 73943 Sydney catalogued matter
Other NSWCATCD

EXCLUSIVE USE - unreasonably refused

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
Charitou v The Owners of Strata Plan 10394 [2015] NSWSC 1059
SP 10394 City Of Parramatta catalogued matter
Other NSWSC

CONTRACT – deeds – application to set aside deed of settlement as void – insufficient evidence to ground avoidance on doctrines of common mistake, mutual mistake or unilateral mistake

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
Sahade v Owners Corporation SP 62022 [2015] NSWCATAP 146
SP 62022 Woollahra catalogued matter
Unit entitlements NSWCATAP

Strata Schemes Management Act- reallocation of unit entitlements, exercise of discretion

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
The Owners – Strata Plan No 70335 v Walsh Bay Finance Pty Ltd [2015] NSWSC 1031
SP 70335 catalogued matter
Other NSWSC

PROCEDURE – whether there should be a separate determination as to whether the fifth defendant owed the plaintiff a duty of care – whether plaintiff’s claim as to fifth defendant’s breach of covenant of quiet enjoyment should be struck out or separately determined – whether plaintiff should be given leave to amend pleadings to meet strike out application

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
IIB Australia Pty Ltd v Owners Strata Plan 76024 (No 2) [2015] NSWSC 929
SP 76024 Tweed catalogued matter
Costs and procedure NSWSC

PROCEDURE – civil – commencement of proceedings contrary to Uniform Civil Procedure Rules (NSW), r 7.1(3) and out of time – power to dispense with requirement of rules – Civil Procedure Act 2005 (NSW), s 14 REAL PROPERTY – strata titles – claim by owners corporation of recovery costs – reasonableness of such costs incurred and claimed – whether costs claimed must be proportionate – referral to assessment of costs – Strata Scheme Management Act 1996 (NSW), s 80

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
Darryl Pearson v Owners Corporation SP 8600 [2015] NSWCATCD 83
SP 8600 Port Stephens catalogued matter
Other NSWCATCD

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
The Owners-Strata Plan 6636 v Bickley [2015] NSWLEC 113
SP 6636 Northern Beaches catalogued matter
Costs and procedure NSWLEC

COSTS: whether fair and reasonable that the respondent pay the applicant’s costs – whether respondent engaged in unreasonable conduct during the proceedings – whether costs should be awarded in a fix sum or as agreed or assessed .

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
The Owners – Strata Plan No 80453 v Walsh [2015] NSWSC 931
SP 80453 Georges River catalogued matter
Costs and procedure NSWSC

PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE – whether there should be separate determination of whether plaintiff has suffered damage by reason of the matters it alleges in its list statement

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
Jobson v The Owners – Strata Plan No. 66870 [2015] NSWSC 776
SP 66870 Northern Beaches catalogued matter
Levies and contributions NSWSC

REAL PROPERTY – Crown land – sub-leases of berths in a marina – whether use of certain additional berths by sub-lessor constituted breaches of headlease – whether sub-lessor in breach of sub-leases by doing something which might prejudice or give grounds for termination of its interest under headlease – whether existence of additional berths required sub-lessor to vary tenant’s contributions ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING LAW – Local Environmental Plan provides that agreements imposing restrictions upon

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
The Owners – Strata Plan No 69746 v IPM Pty Ltd; The Owners – Strata Plan No 71241 v IPM Pty Ltd [2015] NSWSC 772
SP 69746 Sydney catalogued matter
Costs and procedure NSWSC

PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE – Costs – Security for costs – Whether reason to believe that corporation will be unable to pay its costs – Whether exercise of discretion requires consideration of the prospects of success or failure of a party’s action – Whether cross claim against third party is defensive in nature – Quantum of security

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
The Owners – Strata Plan No 68372 v Allianz Australia Insurance Limited (No 2) [2015] NSWSC 729
SP 68372 Hornsby catalogued matter
Costs and procedure NSWSC

PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE – Costs – Departing from the general rule – Late joinder of a defendant – Plaintiff’s delay in conduct of proceedings – Claims that failed or were abandoned – Expert reports prepared but not relied on – Costs as between the defendants PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE – Costs – Interest on costs – Where plaintiff guilty of unexplained delays – Whether reasons for delay are relevant to question of whether interest on costs should be awarded

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
Robyn Norberry v The Owners – Strata Plan 66047 [2015] NSWSC 861
SP 66047 Central Coast catalogued matter
Building defects NSWSC

CIVIL – application to transfer proceedings from NSW Civil and Administrative Tribunal and Local to Supreme Court – single justiciable controversy over deficient building works and rectification required – longstanding dispute – order for mediation – if mediation fails, preliminary view that court order for expedited hearing at Supreme Court or Tribunal

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
Pamela Williamson v Owners Corporation Strata Plan 7348 [2015] NSWCATCD 65
SP 7348 Inner West catalogued matter
Management and meetings NSWCATCD

Strata and Community Schemes - appeal from Adjudicator’s order - order invalidating annual general meeting resolution - non-compliance with SSMA at AGM - s 153(2) discretion - whether there is a discretion in the circumstances

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
Hadidi v Owners Corporation Strata Plan 84787 [2015] NSWCATAP 74
SP 84787 City Of Parramatta catalogued matter
Costs and procedure NSWCATAP

APPEAL –Civil and Administrative Tribunal – appeal by appellant builder against an order that he pay respondent $500,000 and costs – appeal lodged out of time – delay short but prospects of success minimal – extension of time refused PROCEDURAL FAIRNESS – opportunity to present evidence and cross-examine witnesses – self-represented party - COSTS – whether special circumstances exist warranting an award of costs – unmeritorious appeal – non- compliance with directions – unnecessarily disadvantag

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
The Owners Strata Plan 432 v Seddon [2015] NSWLEC 69
SP 432 Northern Beaches catalogued matter
Other NSWLEC

DEVELOPMENT CONSENT: deeming of a development consent from a building approval granted in 1962 – residential flat building with common laundry/toilet facilities – whether the owners of Lot 15 are entitled to a complying development certificate approving the removal of the common facilities and/or entitled to exclude other lot owners from using those facilities – whether the complying development certificate authorising those works is valid – failure to obtain “owner’s consent” from owners’ corpo

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
Sahyoun v Owners Corporation Strata Plan 75123 (No 2) [2015] NSWCATAP 70
SP 75123 Canada Bay catalogued matter
Other NSWCATAP

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
The Owners, Strata Plan 11011 v Integrated Project Services Pty Ltd & Anor (No. 2) [2015] NSWSC 554
SP 11011 Randwick catalogued matter
Other NSWSC

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION – right of support – application for mandatory injunction requiring defendants to reinstate support to the plaintiff’s land and building – parties agreed that defendants breached their duty of care in relation to the plaintiff’s right of support under s 177 of the Conveyancing Act 1919 (NSW) and that some form of mandatory injunction is appropriate – where the “grout injection” method proposed by the defendants would be quicker and simpler, but riskier, than the underpi

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
Owners – Strata Plan 11011 v Integrated Project Services Pty Ltd [2015] NSWSC 553
SP 11011 Randwick catalogued matter
Other NSWSC

LEGAL PRACTITIONERS – obtaining instructions from owners’ corporation – director of lot owners with minority interest in plaintiff owners’ corporation appointed as representative to provide instructions in relation to litigation – other lot owners with majority interest purported to instruct lawyers to settle the dispute at an invalidly held meeting contrary to representative’s instructions –representative’s authority has not been revoked – whether plaintiff’s solicitors and barrister were requi

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
The Owners Strata Plan No 72381 v Meriton Apartments Pty Limited [2015] NSWSC 442
SP 72381 catalogued matter
Costs and procedure NSWSC

PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE – adoption of referee's report – expert conclave – whether expert under misapprehension that agreement with other expert was required at the expense of his own views – whether in the interests of justice not to adopt referee’s report – referee not in error

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
Owners Corporation SP 69106 v Impression Developer Pty Ltd (ACN 095 022 192) [2015] NSWDC 79
SP 69106 Sydney catalogued matter
Costs and procedure NSWDC

CONTRACT – breach of statutory warranty – jurisdiction – assessment of damages

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
Owners Corporation Strata Plan 64558 v Owners Corporation Strata Plan 64558 [2015] NSWCATCD 52
SP 64558 Woollahra catalogued matter
Unit entitlements NSWCATCD

STRATA AND COMMUNITY SCHEMES—reallocation of unit entitlements—withdrawal of application—fundamentally flawed application—costs—misconceived application

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
Rita Sahade v Owners Corporation Strata Plan 62022 & Carina Gilster & Eckart Bischoff [2015] NSWCATCD 46
SP 62022 Woollahra catalogued matter
Levies and contributions NSWCATCD

STRATA SCHEME - appeal against adjudicator’s orders - excessive levies - legal costs of owners corporation

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
Owners Corporation SP 4670 v Con Korakis t/as Mihcon Building [2015] NSWCATCD 44
SP 4670 Northern Beaches catalogued matter
Other NSWCATCD

Lending of builder’s licence to unlicensed person, agency of ostensible authority

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
Owners Corporation – Strata Plan 73019 v Brodyn Pty Ltd, Titanium Group Pty Ltd, Auscore Constructions Pty Ltd [2015] NSWCATCD 43
SP 73019 Inner West catalogued matter
Building defects NSWCATCD

Defective work, interpretation of section 18D(2) of the Home Building Act 1989, apportionable claims under section 34 of the Civil Liability Act

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
The Owners – Strata Plan No. 67698 v Leadership Pty Ltd t/as Five Dock Realty [2015] NSWCATAP 57
SP 67698 Canada Bay catalogued matter
Costs and procedure NSWCATAP

Civil and administrative Tribunal (NSW) – appeal – three year limitation period for consumer claims – date when the cause of action first accrued.

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
The Owners – Strata Plan SP 73014 v Bowcon Pty Ltd [2015] NSWSC 351
SP 73014 Sydney catalogued matter
Costs and procedure NSWSC

BUILDING AND ENGINEERING CONTRACTS – Remedies – Claim for breach of statutory warranties – Whether claim in time – Home Building Act, 1989 ss 18B, 18E PRACTICE – Adjournment – Discretionary considerations – Extended failure to comply with directions to file evidence - No proper or adequate explanation – Adjournment to file evidence refused.

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
Meriton Apartments Pty Limited v The Owners Strata Plan No. 72381 [2015] NSWSC 202
SP 72381 catalogued matter
Other NSWSC

CONTRACT – caretaker agreement made under the Strata Schemes Management Act 1996, Part 4A – caretaker appointed in 2004 to provide caretaking services to two strata schemes and one additional stratum lot of a commercial/residential building complex divided into 3 parts – the caretaker, the two owners corporations and the owner of the stratum lot are all parties to the caretaker agreement – one of the two owners corporations alleged breaches of the caretaker agreement and in July 2012 unilaterall

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
The Owners – Strata Plan 21702 v Krimbogiannis (No 2) [2015] NSWCA 39
SP 21702 Sydney catalogued matter
Costs and procedure NSWCA

COSTS – judicial review proceedings - costs sought by a respondent who submitted to the orders save as to costs – motion filed after costs order issued – respondent did not pursue the motion - applicant applied for the respondent to bear the costs of the motion –motion and application dismissed – warning about legal representatives’ duties under s 56 of the Civil Procedure Act 2005 (NSW) when applying to the Court

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
Owners Corporation Strata Plan 76011 v JML Group Pty Ltd and Anor [2015] NSWCATCD 30
SP 76011 Newcastle catalogued matter
Other NSWCATCD

Effect of winding up of proceedings in NCAT – for the purposes of ss. 440D and 500(2) of the Corporations Act 2001 - Is NCAT a court - can proceedings be continued without leave of the Court.

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
Owners Corporation SP 32033 (applicant); Patrick and Valerie Mullins (respondents) [2015] NSWCATCD 23
SP 32033 Waverley catalogued matter
By-laws NSWCATCD

Resolution under s 62(3) of the Strata Schemes Management Act 1996; power to make a special by-law; whether a by-law should be invalidated

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
Owners Corporation Strata Plan 80453 v David John Walsh [2015] NSWSC 169
SP 80453 Georges River catalogued matter
Building defects NSWSC

Assessment of damages; claim by owners corporation in respect of defects in the common property; exclusion of damages wholly within lots; exclusion of GST component.

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
Tan v The Owners Strata Plan No 22014 [2015] NSWSC 71
SP 22014 Sydney catalogued matter
Management and meetings NSWSC

PROCEDURE – civil – judgments and orders – application to set aside consent orders that owners corporation indemnify plaintiff lot owners in proceedings and pay costs of defendants in those proceedings – where second defendant appointed as strata managing agent under Strata Schemes Management Act 1996 (NSW), s 162 with all powers of executive committee of owners corporation – where executive committee resolutions appointing legal representative and instructing it to sign consent orders on behalf

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015
The Owners Corporation Strata Plan No 74667; 74670 and 74662 v Auburn City Council [2015] NSWSC 86
SP 74667 Cumberland catalogued matter
Costs and procedure NSWSC

EQUITY – Offer of compromise made pursuant to rule 20.26 of the Uniform Civil Procedure Rules- Offer not expressly stated to be costs to the time of the offer being made- Issue as to whether the offer should be taken to be to pay costs up to the time of making the offer or rather to the time of acceptance of the offer

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2015

Structured rows are read from the decision's own text into fields; fields the decision does not state are left blank, never inferred. Catalogued rows are matters we hold from the tribunal register, ahead of that read. Every row links to the source decision.