Decisions table

Every strata tribunal matter we hold, across the states, filterable like a database. New South Wales matters are read into structured fields, the parties and their roles, who presided, how it ended, and the money in play. Matters in the other states are catalogued from the tribunal register with their citation, scheme, and source, ahead of the same structured read.

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4,142 matters of which 512 read into structured fields

39% Applicant succeeded of 371 decided
61% Respondent succeeded of decided matters
$50,888,417 Ordered in total across 76 with an amount
$10,628,123 Largest single award in this set

Outcome and money figures are computed over the 512 structured-extract matters in this set, all in New South Wales, the only state read into outcome and amount so far. Matters catalogued from the other registers are not folded into these figures.

Structured strata decisions matching the current filters
DecisionPartiesMemberDisputeOutcomeAmountYear
Profile Apartments [2024] QBCCMCmr 178
CTS 33160 catalogued matter
Other QBCCMCmr

CHANGE OF FINANCIAL YEAR – whether to change the financial year end date of the body corporate. Act, s283

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Sanchelsea [2024] QBCCMCmr 180
CTS 7431 catalogued matter
Other QBCCMCmr

COMMITTEE PROCEDURES / REASONABLENESS – where the body corporate committee replaced the standard power outlets in the scheme’s basement carpark with lockable ones – where the applicant has been denied permission to use the locked outlets – where the applicant wants the body corporate to reinstate owners’ access to the outlets – whether the orders sought are warranted in the circumstances. Act, ss 94, 100, 270, 280; Standard Module, ss 52(1), 184, 186

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
THE OWNERS - UNITS PLAN No 4273 v STORMER CORPORATION PTY LTD (Unit Titles) [2024] ACAT 31
UP 4273 catalogued matter
Building defects ACAT

UNIT TITLES – where owners corporation required entry to a unit on level 4 to rectify balcony waterproofing defects resulting in water leakage and damage to the interior of a unit on level 3 – where the balcony is not common property – where the balcony is a ‘defined part’ of the building that the owners corporation is responsible to maintain – where the unit owner refused entry to the unit – whether order should be made to allow access to the balcony via externally erected scaffolding – where the respondent failed to appoint an authorised representative and appear at three directions hearing and the final hearing – where former director joined as a party on the initiative of the Tribunal on the premise he is an occupier – where premise found to be incorrect – whether party joined should be removed as a party – whether application should be decided in the absence of the respondent – party-joined removed – relief granted ex parte Legislation cited: ACT Civil and Administrative Tribunal Act 2008, ss 7, 7A, 47A Unit Titles Act 2001, s 9 Unit Titles (Management) Act 2011, ss 24, 28, 31, 125, 129 Subordinate Legislation cited: ACT Civil and Administrative Tribunal Procedures Rules, rr 41, 61

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Winchcombe Place [2024] QBCCMCmr 176
CTS 15441 catalogued matter
Other QBCCMCmr

RECORDS – where the body corporate refused to give the applicant the body corporate roll – whether the body corporate breached its obligation to provide access to records – whether the roll must be supplied. Act, s 205

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Il Villaggio [2024] QBCCMCmr 175
CTS 28518 catalogued matter
Repairs and common property QBCCMCmr

COMMITTEE RESOLUTION – where the committee resolved to reimburse the caretaker for expenses incurred for work carried out to common property - whether the dispute is within jurisdiction – whether the committee considered a restricted issue - whether the committee acted unreasonably – whether the resolution is void. Act, s100; Accommodation Module, s44

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
High Noon [2024] QBCCMCmr 172
CTS 10789 catalogued matter
Repairs and common property QBCCMCmr

MAINTENANCE – whether the body corporate has undertaken adequate termite prevention measures –Act, ss 152, 276; Standard Module, s 180. REASONABLENESS - Section 94(2) Act - requirement of body corporate to act reasonably in carrying out its statutory functions – adequacy of termite control measures implemented by the body corporate.

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Peninsula [2024] QBCCMCmr 171
CTS 9865 catalogued matter
Repairs and common property QBCCMCmr

COMMITTEE PROCEDURES – where the body corporate committee is making decisions informally without proper notice to owners, and making decisions that exceed its spending limit or concern a restricted issue; whether the committee should be restrained from spending money or improving common property unless a resolution has been passed to authorise it, with the required notice to owners; whether the committee should be restrained from exceeding its spending limit. Act, s 288(1); Standard Module, ss 52(1)(d), 55(3), 65, 68(3), 69, 71(2)(b), 72, 73(1), 160, 162(2), 172-174, 186(3).

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Southport Central Residential [2024] QBCCMCmr 173
CTS 35751 catalogued matter
Costs and procedure QBCCMCmr

DECLARATIONS – where the applicants sought orders about access to body corporate records – where the applicants say that orders for access are no longer required – where the applicants seek declarations about the alleged unlawful denial of access and about the utility of the application itself – whether a declaratory order about prior unlawful conduct should be made if the central dispute no longer exists COSTS – whether a costs order should be made in dismissing the application

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Pelican Waters Resort [2024] QBCCMCmr 170
CTS 34816 catalogued matter
By-laws QBCCMCmr

REASONABLENESS – where applicant has a severe allergy to certain chemicals found in some pest control treatments, whether body corporate is acting reasonably in making decisions about pest control at the scheme. BY-LAWS – NUISANCE, HAZARD, UNREASONABLE INTERFERENCE – whether use of the chemicals by owners or occupiers on commercial lots would be a hazard or otherwise contravene the scheme’s by-laws or the legislation – whether the orders sought are warranted. Act, ss 94(2), 100(5), and 167

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
VANE and OWNERS OF CARINYA COURT ROCKINGHAM STRATA SCHEME 25819 [2024] WASAT 40
SP 25819 catalogued matter
Building defects WASAT

Structure - Structural alteration of lot - Whether necessary approval for alteration sought - Whether valid refusal to give necessary approval - Grounds on which approval for structural alterations may be refused - Application to dispense with the requirement for approval of structural alteration of lot - Tribunal proceedings - Whether structural alteration reasonable - Whether structural alteration causes significant inconvenience or detriment to lot owners - Discretion of Tribunal to make orders - Turns on own facts

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Mactaggarts Place [2024] QBCCMCmr 168
CTS 16563 catalogued matter
Other QBCCMCmr

EMERGENCY EXPENDITURE – where the committee is seeking authorisation for expenditure in excess of the relevant committee spending limit – whether the circumstances give rise to a genuine emergency. Act, ss 243A, 331; Accommodation Module, ss 170, 187, 188

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Peak Practice [2024] QBCCMCmr 169
CTS 25500 catalogued matter
By-laws QBCCMCmr

IMPROVEMENT TO LOT – where an owner installed an awning structure to the lot – whether the alteration was a change to the external appearance of the lot requiring body corporate approval – whether there was a contravention of the by-laws – whether the structure should be removed. Act, ss94, 111E-H, 185(3); Specified Two-lot Schemes Module, ss 5, 6, 45

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Earlscourt [2024] QBCCMCmr 165
CTS 17577 catalogued matter
Management and meetings QBCCMCmr

EMERGENCY EXPENDITURE – whether the committee should be permitted to exceed its spending limit so it may restore electricity to a lot without waiting for authorisation from a general meeting. Act, s 20; Standard Module, ss 91, 172, 173, 180(1).

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Paragon on Arthur [2024] QBCCMCmr 166
CTS 41686 catalogued matter
Building defects QBCCMCmr

MAINTENANCE; ADMINISTRATOR – whether the body corporate should be ordered to replace a waterproof membrane and tiles, and install new drainage, upon a rooftop terrace within a lot; whether an administrator should be appointed to oversee this work and exercise all powers of the body corporate for six months. Accommodation Module, ss 170, 201(3)&(5); Land Title Act 1994, ss 48C, 49C(4).

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Paragon on Arthur [2024] QBCCMCmr 167
CTS 41686 catalogued matter
Building defects QBCCMCmr

MAINTENANCE; PROPERTY DAMAGE; ADMINISTRATOR – whether the body corporate must pay for a lot owner’s property damaged by water ingress, and for temporary accommodation while his lot is repaired; whether an administrator should be appointed with all powers of the body corporate for six months. Act, ss 20, 31, 281; Accommodation Module, ss 152(5), 159, 170(1).

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Atlantis East [2024] QBCCMCmr 163
CTS 9748 catalogued matter
Management and meetings QBCCMCmr

COMMITTEE RESOLUTIONS – whether the committee acted reasonably in making decisions about supplying electricity services to a marina external to the scheme. Act, ss 94, 96, 100(5), 196, 229A; Standard Module, ss 52(1)(b), 210

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
The Owners-Strata Plan No 53865 v JPG Investments Pty Ltd (No 2) [2024] NSWCATAP 67
SP 53865 Waverley structured decision
K Ransome, Principal Member; G Sarginson, Senior Member Costs and procedure Respondent successful

The Appeal Panel dismissed the lot owners' application for costs, finding that special circumstances had not been established under section 60(2) of the Civil and Administrative Tribunal Act 2013 and each party must bear its own costs of the appeal.

2024
Emerald Lakes - The Islands Apartments [2024] QBCCMCmr 159
CTS 45048 catalogued matter
Repairs and common property QBCCMCmr

COMMITTEE RESOLUTION – where committee grants retrospective approval for owner improvements to common property – where committee imposes conditions on approval - whether the committee acted reasonably Act, ss 94 & 100; Accommodation Module, s76

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Malibu [2024] QBCCMCmr 160
CTS 22174 catalogued matter
Levies and contributions QBCCMCmr

COMMITTEE RESOLUTIONS – whether committee decisions to incur expenditure on a pontoon and levy an owner for the expected cost are valid – whether the body corporate could charge the owner for the cost – whether the body corporate unreasonably refused to waive penalty interest on amounts owned by the applicant. Act, ss 94, 100, 161, 229A, 270; Standard Module, ss 165, 166, 172, 187, 212

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Malibu [2024] QBCCMCmr 162
CTS 22174 catalogued matter
Other QBCCMCmr

BODY CORPORATE RECORDS – access to. Act, ss 204, 205; Standard Module, ss 68, 71, 231

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Northshore Tower [2024] QBCCMCmr 161
CTS 32032 catalogued matter
Management and meetings QBCCMCmr

INTERIM ORDER; REASONABLENESS of committee resolutions. Act, ss 100(5), 150(2), 279; Accommodation Module, ss 152, 153, 154, 155

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
The Bantry [2024] QBCCMCmr 158
CTS 2184 catalogued matter
Other QBCCMCmr

ADMINISTRATOR – where the body corporate has ceased to function since a previous administrator appointment ended; whether a further administrator appointment is required. Act, ss 276(4), 278, 301; Standard Module, ss 13(3)(d)&(5), 74(4), 84, 102(2), 160(1)(b), 223(3)(b).

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Broadbeach Lodge [2024] QBCCMCmr 157
CTS 6196 catalogued matter
Other QBCCMCmr

INTERIM ORDERS – whether interim orders are warranted. Act, s 100(5); Standard Module, ss 168, 172

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Washingtonia [2024] QBCCMCmr 156
CTS 9573 catalogued matter
Repairs and common property QBCCMCmr

IMPROVEMENT TO COMMON PROPERTY – where owner motions to approve the installation of solar panels on common property rooves to supply solar power to lots were not passed – whether consent was unreasonably refused – DAMAGES – whether the dissenting owners are liable for loss to the owners who submitted the motions – COSTS – whether the application was frivolous, vexatious, misconceived or without substance - whether the applicants should pay costs to the respondent. BUGT Act, ss 17, 18, 27, 30, 37A, 78, 79, 95C,

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Waterford Court [2024] QBCCMCmr 155
CTS 3240 catalogued matter
Other QBCCMCmr

APPLICATION FOR INTERIM ORDERS – where the applicant alleges a motion to reappoint the body corporate manager was invalid; whether to prevent the motion from being implemented prior to final orders. Act, ss 149B, 279(1); Accommodation Module, s 87(3)(a), 95(1)(a).

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Hunt v The Owners - Strata Plan No 1158/84199 [2024] NSWCATAP 65
SP 1158 Northern Beaches structured decision
M Harrowell, Deputy President; A Boxall, Senior Member By-laws Respondent successful

Leave to appeal was refused and the appeal was dismissed; the Tribunal's decision that the owners corporation did not unreasonably refuse consent to install air-conditioning units on the balconies in non-compliant positions was upheld.

2024
Lot 21 Hope Street [2024] QBCCMCmr 154
CTS 786 catalogued matter
Repairs and common property QBCCMCmr

IMPROVEMENTS TO COMMON PROPERTY - EXCLUSIVE USE – where improvements were made to exclusive use area without body corporate approval. Act, ss 94(2), 276(1)

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
El Khouri v Owners Corporation SP6534 [2024] NSWSC 537
SP 6534 Woollahra catalogued matter
Other NSWSC

JUDGMENTS AND ORDERS – amending, varying and setting aside orders – corrections under slip rule – orders amended

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
The Owners – Strata Plan No 64757 v Sydney Remedial Builders Pty Ltd [2024] NSWCA 85
SP 64757 Northern Beaches structured decision
Leeming JA; Payne JA Building defects Respondent successful

Leave to appeal refused; the Court of Appeal upheld the primary judge's decision that proceedings claiming $850,000 in damages for building defects were commenced out of time under the Home Building Act 7-year limitation period.

2024
92 Abbott Street [2024] QBCCMCmr 152
CTS 29083 catalogued matter
Other QBCCMCmr

INTERIM ORDER – Application for interim order– whether warranted in circumstances\_.\_ SDW2 Pty Ltd v JLF Corporation Pty Ltd [[2017] QSC 001](/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=%5b2017%5d%20QSC%20001 "View LawCiteRecord") Australian Broadcasting Corporation v O'Neill [[2006] HCA 46](/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/cth/HCA/2006/46.html "View Case") Act ss 238, 247, 276, 279 Commercial Module, s 30

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
HOAR and THE OWNERS OF PRESTIGE POINT APARTMENTS SP 11184 [2024] WASAT 30
SP 11184 catalogued matter
Unit entitlements WASAT

Amendment of unit entitlements - Whether if allocated at the time of the application, schedule of unit entitlements would require amendments - Whether unit entitlements proportionate to the value of each lot relative to the sum of the value of all the lots in the strata titles scheme - Capital valuation

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Hilton Park [2024] QBCCMCmr 153
CTS 27490 catalogued matter
Other QBCCMCmr

INTERIM ORDER – whether an interim order is warranted. Act, s 279

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Calypso Bay Residential Land [2024] QBCCMCmr 151
CTS 35062 catalogued matter
By-laws QBCCMCmr

ARCHITECTURAL CODE – whether the respondents have installed a clothesline in breach of the architectural code and by-laws – whether the architectural code and by-laws are valid. Act, ss 66, 97, 180; Standard Module, s 6.

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Dances Grove-Caboolture [2024] QBCCMCmr 150
CTS 41392 catalogued matter
Levies and contributions QBCCMCmr

ADMINISTRATOR; SUPPLY OF SERVICES – whether to appoint an administrator to bring the scheme back into compliance with the Act following a long period of inactivity; whether the scheme must change its water meters to allow owners to be charged for their lots’ individual consumption, rather than owners paying a share of the scheme’s total water use proportionate to their contribution schedule lot entitlements as presently occurs. Act, ss 31, 101(2), 196, 278; Standard Module, ss 7, 13(1), 58, 82(1), 83, 93(3)(a), 160(1), 162(1), 197(1).

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Le Boulevard Surfers Paradise [2024] QBCCMCmr 149
CTS 41293 catalogued matter
Other QBCCMCmr

INTERIM ORDER – whether an interim order is warranted Act, ss 151 & 279(1); Commercial Module, s181

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Tinaroo Terraces [2024] QBCCMCmr 148
CTS 26378 catalogued matter
Management and meetings QBCCMCmr

GENERAL MEETING PROCEDURES – where the body corporate held its annual general meeting outside the legislative time limit – whether an order declaring the AGM to be valid is warranted in the circumstances. Accommodation Module, s 73

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Breakers North [2024] QBCCMCmr 147
CTS 11518 catalogued matter
Levies and contributions QBCCMCmr

GENERAL MEETING MOTIONS; BODY CORPORATE MANAGER; IMPROVEMENT TO COMMON PROPERTY – Where the applicant challenges the validity of three general meeting motions proposing the appointment of a body corporate manager, works to the common property, and funding for the works to the common property. Whether the motions should be deemed invalid because: the notice of meeting and explanatory material were deficient the incumbent body corporate manager received and counted votes for a motion proposing their own reappointment owners were misled into believing the works to common property were maintenance only, but they included improvements, and a motion proposing a special levy to fund the improvements was decided by ordinary rather than special resolution. Act, ss 14, 106, 118(2), 119(2), 149B; Accommodation Module, ss 80, 81, 95(1)(b), 97(2), 102(1), 104, 125(2)(b), 152, 176.

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Chevron Renaissance [2024] QBCCMCmr 145
CTS 30946 catalogued matter
By-laws QBCCMCmr

COMMITTEE DECISION– REASONABLENESS - where committee has restricted access to secure parking spaces so that the number of fobs programmed to allow access to the secured car park is equal to the number of car spaces allocated to each unit – whether a decision on a restricted issue – whether decision reasonable in the circumstances. Act, s276. Act, ss 94(1), 100(5), 276; Accommodation Module, s 44.

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Mariners on Morala [2024] QBCCMCmr 146
CTS 7206 catalogued matter
Other QBCCMCmr

CHANGE OF FINANCIAL YEAR – whether an order should be made to change the body corporate’s financial year. Act, s283

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Broadbeach Lodge [2024] QBCCMCmr 144
CTS 6196 catalogued matter
Other QBCCMCmr

INTERIM ORDERS – whether interim orders are warranted. Act, s 94(2); Standard Module, ss 44, 173

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Killer v Owners Corporation Plan No. 648341J [2024] VCAT 341
PS 648341 Maribyrnong City catalogued matter
Other VCAT

Owners Corporation

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
The Owners – Strata Plan 98726 v Elite Realty Development Pty Ltd (No 2) [2024] NSWSC 398
SP 98726 Randwick catalogued matter
Costs and procedure NSWSC

CIVIL PROCEDURE – summary disposal – application seeking

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
The Owners – Strata Plan 98726 v Elite Realty Development Pty Ltd [2024] NSWSC 397
SP 98726 Randwick catalogued matter
Costs and procedure NSWSC

CIVIL PROCEDURE – summary disposal – application for dismissal of proceedings for want of due despatch – where first defendant/cross-claimant has disengaged from proceedings – whether gross sum costs order should be made against first defendant/cross-claimant in favour of third cross-defendant

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
The Owners – Strata Plan No. 85494 v PBS Building (NSW) Pty Ltd [2024] NSWSC 381
SP 85494 Hunters Hill structured decision
Nixon J Building defects Mixed

Leave to amend pleading to add fire safety defects was granted conditionally, with the trial judge to determine whether the Second Defendant was prejudiced and whether the amendments should be revoked, and the Owners ordered to pay the Second Defendant's costs thrown away by the amendments.

2024
The Owners – Strata Plan No 38308 v Gelder [2024] NSWCATAP 61
SP 38308 North Sydney catalogued matter
Costs and procedure NSWCATAP

COSTS — appeals — whether the Tribunal erred in not finding special circumstances and ordering costs after the Respondent, in substance, consented to the relief sought by the Appellant, the Applicant below — failure to consent to the Appellant’s proceedings earlier was not unreasonable — the Tribunal did not err in not finding special circumstances and not awarding costs in favour of the Appellant — whether the order of the Tribunal directing the Appellant to exempt the Respondent from any costs

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Belle Fontaine [2024] QBCCMCmr 142
CTS 26582 catalogued matter
Repairs and common property QBCCMCmr

MAINTENANCE – responsibility for painting of lot with private yard in BFP; BY-LAWS – whether preliminary procedures complied with regarding alleged breach. Act, s 184; Accommodation Module, ss 159, 170

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Cabana Gold Coast [2024] QBCCMCmr 139
CTS 55542 catalogued matter
Other QBCCMCmr

FINANCIAL YEAR – whether the financial year end date for the body corporate should be changed. Act, s 283

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Piccollo [2024] QBCCMCmr 141
CTS 29694 catalogued matter
Other QBCCMCmr

FINANCIAL YEAR – whether the financial year end date for the body corporate should be changed. Act s 283

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Villa Napoli [2024] QBCCMCmr 143
CTS 11335 catalogued matter
Other QBCCMCmr

INTERIM ORDER – whether interim order is warranted. Act, s 279

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024
Regency Place South [2024] QBCCMCmr 138
CTS 21897 catalogued matter
By-laws QBCCMCmr

NUISANCE, HAZARD, UNREASONABLE INTERFERENCE – where the respondent smokes on her lot and the applicant who resides in the neighbouring lot experiences smoke drift and odour – whether the respondent is causing a nuisance, a hazard, or an unreasonable interference in breach of the Act. Act, s 167

On the tribunal register; not yet read into parties, outcome, and amount. Read the source decision.

2024

Structured rows are read from the decision's own text into fields; fields the decision does not state are left blank, never inferred. Catalogued rows are matters we hold from the tribunal register, ahead of that read. Every row links to the source decision.